November 2nd, 2005

Testimony at FDA Hearing on DTC Drug Marketing

By Gary Ruskin
Commercial Alert

NOTE: a copy of this testimony with footnotes is at http://www.commercialalert.org/dtctestimony.pdf.

Thank you for inviting me to testify today.

I’d like to start by quoting three letters sent to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, some two decades ago.

“Schering-Plough believes there is a fundamental flaw in the concept of advertising prescription pharmaceuticals directly to patients, and that is the inability to provide them complete, meaningful and useful information.”

That quote did not come from a critic of the industry, or some consumer watchdog. It came from Allan S. Kushen, who was then senior vice president for public affairs at Schering-Plough.

Most of his peers in the pharmaceutical industry agreed.

“We do not believe that [prescription drug advertising to consumers] is a good idea,” wrote Thomas M. Collins, president of Smith Kline & French Laboratories. “[T]he likelihood that meaningful patient education will occur is small….” It “can inform, but it is not education; and [it] should not be portrayed as a part of the education process.”

“We do not believe that prescription drug advertising to consumers is in the public interest,” wrote Robert A. Schoellhorn, chairman of Abbott Laboratories. “We believe direct advertising to the consumer introduces a very real possibility of causing harm to patients who may respond to advertisements by pressuring physicians to prescribe medications that may not be required.”

Today, I want to explain why these gentlemen are right.

First, a word about why I’m here, and what my expertise is. I am the executive director of Commercial Alert, which is a nonprofit organization that protects children and communities from commercialism. We are a watchdog group for the advertising industry, and my full-time job is to study commercialism and the advertising industry, and to mitigate the damage that they do to the American public.

I’m going to respond directly to questions you have posed. But at the outset, I want to emphasize that under the prescription drug laws, and the principles that underlie them, there is no basis for allowing direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising. By law, only doctors may prescribe prescription medicine. There is no legitimate purpose in advertising what consumers may not directly purchase. For this reason alone, DTC advertising should be prohibited.

Now I’d like to focus my testimony today on questions #1 and #3 in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) notice of public hearing.

Question #1 asks: “Does current DTC promotion present the benefits and risks of using medical products in an accurate, nonmisleading, balanced and understandable way?”

The answer is no. DTC advertising is inherently misleading.

1) Pharmaceutical companies have conflicts-of-interest that keep them from presenting unbiased information about their products.

Pharmaceutical companies exist to make a profit. That is their duty under the law – to yield a maximum return for their shareholders. In order to do that they have to sell drugs. The more drugs they sell, the better their shareholders will do. Every piece of information that the company sends out must be geared to this end.

This is why pharmaceutical companies are not a good source of information about their own prescription medicines. Their financial interests directly conflict with any intention to provide unbiased information about their products. Because of their financial conflicts-of-interest, pharmaceutical companies are perhaps the least trustworthy sources for information about their own drugs. By their very nature, drug companies hype the benefits – or alleged benefits – of their drugs and downplay the negatives. They encourage people to see their problems as diseases that require medication. The result is a public that is increasingly pathologized and drugged.

There are so many examples that it is hard to know where to start. But we might kick off the examples with the Cialis TV ad from this year’s Super Bowl, which showed a rapid succession of mostly older couples smiling and caressing one other playfully, deep in love. The implication of the ad is that if you use Cialis, you will be loved.

Then there’s the recent Sepracor ad for Lunesta, a prescription sleep aid, featuring a worried woman afflicted with a “restless mind,” tossing and turning in her bed. But after taking Lunesta, she awakes refreshed, smiling, almost radiant. “Ready to catch a great night’s sleep?” the ad’s narrator asks, “just climb into bed, and leave the rest to Lunesta.” A restless mind is a sick mind, the ad implies, and Lunesta is the proper remedy for night worries.

2) Advertising agencies also have conflicts-of-interest that keep them from presenting unbiased information about their clients’ products.

Ad agencies exist to sell products. That is their function, and reason for being. An ad agency that handles a drug company account is hired to help that company sell more drugs and boost profits. But a persuasive pitch for the severity of a drug’s side effects will not sell more drugs. This conflict-of-interest makes advertising agencies institutionally incapable of fairly presenting the risks and benefits of their clients’ drugs. Corporations do not pay millions of dollars to these agencies to sell fewer products, whether of drugs or anything else.

This too is an established fact. In a candid moment, two DTC advertising executives at FCB Healthworks wrote: “The ultimate goal of DTC advertising is to stimulate consumers to ask their doctors about the advertised drug and then, hopefully, get the prescription.” Please read that sentence over several times. It will answer most of the questions that prompted this hearing.

We also know the strategy works. For example, a study by the Kaiser Family Foundation concluded that “DTC advertising produces a significant return for the pharmaceutical industry: every additional $1 the industry spent on DTC advertising in 2000 yielded an additional $4.20 in sales.”

There is such a compelling case against DTC advertising that only the U.S. and New Zealand have ever allowed it, and New Zealand is expected to ban it again it by the end of the year. The European Parliament’s Committee on Environment, Public Health rejected an effort to undo the E.U. ban on DTC advertising, and the Committee’s decision was ratified by the entire European Parliament.

3) The techniques used by pharmaceutical companies and advertising agencies are misleading.

(a) Creating a culture of disease and fear

Pharmaceutical companies and their advertising agencies strive to convince people that they are ill, and to invent new classes of illness. For example, in an article titled “The Art of Branding a Condition,” Vince Parry, a marketing executive, discusses how pharmaceutical companies are “fostering the creation of a condition and aligning it with a product.” An article in Reuters Business Insight explains that drug companies can “create new disease markets” through “the medicalization of many natural processes” which are “worthy of medical intervention.” “Pharmaceutical companies are searching for new disorders,” the article continues, “based on extensive analysis of unexploited market opportunities (whether recognized today or promoted as such tomorrow). The coming years will bear greater witness to the corporate sponsored creation of disease.” This often involves, according to Vince Parry, “elevating the importance of an existing condition,” or “raising the level of awareness about something we don’t even know we have until we began looking at it further.”

For example, GlaxoSmithKline took the notion of shyness and turned it into “social anxiety disorder.” They hired the public relations firm Cohn & Wolfe to help establish “social anxiety disorder” as a way of “cultivating the marketplace” even before the launch of their drug Paxil. The Cohn & Wolfe effort, which involved “aggressive media outreach,” generated “1.1 billion media impressions” in one year, and won an award from the Public Relations Society of America,. Later on, GlaxoSmithKline issued a pamphlet claiming that “Social anxiety disorder is a lot more common than you think…1 out of every 8 Americans suffers from social anxiety disorder. The good news is that it is treatable.” But after a review of the literature, prominent psychiatrists argue that fewer than 1 percent suffer from social phobia.

Another example is the marketing of the “erectile dysfunction” drugs Viagra, Cialis and Levitra, which has turned them into recreational drugs. The New York Times reported on “an increasing number of sexually healthy men, many in their 20’s, 30’s and 40’s, who doctors and sex therapists say are using impotence drugs—Viagra, Levitra and the new Cialis…as psychological palliatives against the mighty expectations of modern romance.”

The advertising industry succeeds insofar as it makes people feel like they want to buy the drug advertised. “Consumers react emotionally,” said another DTC advertising executive, “so you want to know how they feel about your message and what emotional triggers will get them to act…. We want to identify the emotions we can tap into to get that customer to take the desired course of action.” That’s marketing. It is not education.

Here’s how one PR expert at Ogilvy Public Relations explained how drug companies should expand their markets for osteoporosis drugs. The companies needed, she said, to “convince women who were much closer to the age of fifty that osteoporosis was something that they needed to be thinking about then, because there were steps they could be taking in their fifties and in their sixties, to make sure they didn’t end up being that little old woman that they saw on the street.”

(b) Using visual imagery

Question #3 asks: “Could changes in the requirements for disclosure of certain information in broadcast advertising improve the usefulness of this information for consumers?”

The answer is no. Broadcast DTC ads are inherently misleading.

To understand why, it is important to examine the nature of television, and what it is good at. Television is great at entertainment. It excels at bringing show business into the homes of millions of Americans each day. It excels at presenting visual images to people. Visual images dance on the screen, and we watch them, and we are amused. That is what television does well.

In particular, it is good at using visual imagery to sell products. This is why advertisers migrated to TV in the early days —even before most Americans did. To see a smoker taking a deep drag on the cigarette was much more evocative than a jingle on the radio. We want what we see. Television is an excellent selling medium.

Television is great at conveying images of happy tummies and smiling people who are relieved because they no longer suffer from “irritable bowel syndrome.” But it is not so good at conveying complex information. The main reason is that television teaches us primarily with images, not words. Images are an inefficient way to convey most information. And while there are some things that you can learn through images, anything that is complicated, or requires conceptual analysis, is typically taught poorly through television. Neil Postman wrote that “it is in the nature of [television] that it must suppress the content of ideas in order to accommodate the requirements of visual interest.” We need words and symbols to understand what is complicated. Printed words are far better for teaching what is complicated for many reasons, including that you can easily look at it again, and analyze it, and evaluate it.

Television also encourages us to passively absorb what we see. But real education is active, not passive.

Television is excellent at spreading to millions of people what U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist called “upbeat fantasyland images.” But it is simply incapable of presenting the depth and richness of information that people need about pharmaceuticals, and certainly not in 30- or even 60-second spots.

Much the same is true for radio. The high cost of buying ads on the medium makes it impossible to convey the extensive information that consumers need about prescription drugs. And while radio is better suited for conveying complex information, it is still far inferior to print, because it is harder to repeat and review and review information that has been broadcast.

(c) Using actors and celebrity endorsements

The advertising industry employs actors in ways that are plainly deceptive. For example, it uses actors who do not, and have never, used the drug they are advertising. But it does not disclose that these actors are, in fact, deliberately falsifying any improvements in health that they are portraying or implying. This deception is so plain and outrageous that it can only be described as fraudulent.

Celebrity endorsements can be equally deceptive. For example, Wyeth hired the supermodel Lauren Hutton to promote its drug for hormone replacement during menopause. In an article in Parade magazine, Hutton said “My No. 1 secret is estrogen.” She continued, “It’s good for your moods, it’s good for your skin. If I had to choose between all my creams and makeup for feeling and looking good, I’d take the estrogen.” But there was no mention that she had been hired by Wyeth. Hutton was a hired shill, and her promotion of Wyeth’s drug had nothing to do with education.

At best, paid celebrity endorsements have virtually no educational value. They come from paid shills with an anecdotal story to tell, and one that may have no relation to the relative merits of the endorsed drug.

4) DTC advertising harms consumers

(a) DTC advertising leads to the over-prescription of drugs

The purpose of DTC advertising is to increase the sale of a particular drug. But many people who see DTC ads could be harmed or even killed if they took the advertised drug. The results can be tragic.

For example, Merck & Co. deployed one of the largest DTC ad campaigns ever on behalf of Vioxx. Some of Merck’s ads made extremely broad appeals, such the tagline “for everyday victories,” for arthritis sufferers who wanted to overcome their disabilities. In 2000 and 2001, Merck spent $160.8 and $135.4 million on Vioxx ads, the most for any drug during those years, and Advertising Age named it one of its “Top 100 MegaBrands” for 2000. According to a recent study in The Lancet, as many as 140,000 serious cardiovascular events in the United States resulted from the use of Vioxx.

(b) DTC prescription drug marketing harms the doctor-patient relationship

In support of this argument, I’d like to present to you a statement I wrote that was endorsed by 211 professors from U.S. medical schools, calling for an end to DTC advertising. The statement’s endorsers include prominent medical school professors from Harvard, Johns Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia, Stanford, Yale, Duke, University of California, San Francisco and other top medical schools, along with two former editors-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine.

The statement reads:

Direct-to-consumer marketing of prescription drugs should be prohibited.

In 2004, pharmaceutical companies spent more than $4 billion in an onslaught of advertising to promote prescription drugs. This advertising does not promote public health. It increases the cost of drugs and the number of unnecessary prescriptions, which is expensive to taxpayers, and can be harmful or deadly to patients.

For more than half a century, certain drugs have been available to patients only with a prescription, because all drugs, including those that can heal, can also cause harm. Doctors, nurses and other health professionals have the necessary training and experience to help them decide whether drugs are indicated in particular cases. This is why they make the prescription decision, not patients.

Prescription drug advertising pressures health professionals to prescribe particular medications, and often the ones that may be less effective and more expensive and dangerous. This intrudes in the relationship between medical professionals and patients, and disrupts the therapeutic process. It takes up valuable time to explain to patients why they may have been misled by the drug advertisements they have seen.

Prescription drug advertising is not educational. It is inherently misleading because it features emotive imagery and omits crucial information about drugs and their proper use, as well as about side effects and contraindications that can be found on the full FDA-approved label. Drug companies have an inherent and irredeemable financial conflict-of-interest which drives them to exaggerate the positive and minimize the negative qualities of their own products.

At a minimum, direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising should not existunless accompanied by the full FDA-approved label. Nor should drug ads be allowed to display imagery that is primarily emotive and not educational. Drug ads on TV and radio should be prohibited because they cannot meet this standard for truthfulness.

5) There is no justification for DTC advertising because consumers cannot obtain prescription medicines without a prescription

What is especially absurd about DTC advertising is that pharmaceutical companies are trying to push drugs at consumers – who cannot buy them, or at least not without a doctor’s prescription. For this reason alone, too, DTC advertising should be prohibited.

Only doctors and other medical professionals may diagnose disease and prescribe treatment. For over fifty years, since Congress passed the Durham-Humphrey Amendments, it has been illegal for consumers to obtain prescription medications without a prescription provided by a medical professional. The law exists because many consumers do not have the knowledge, experience or diagnostic equipment to diagnose their own diseases, and some drugs are too toxic, dangerous, new, complicated or habit-forming to use except under the supervision of a physician. There is no way to reconcile DTC ads and the premise behind the laws governing prescription drugs, nor any legitimate justification for advertising drugs to people who cannot directly legally obtain them.

6) The minimum requirements for protecting the public from DTC ads

Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“the Act”), the labeling of drugs must not be “false or misleading in any particular.” If the FDA believes that it cannot, at this time, fully prohibit DTC prescription drug advertising, we strongly urge the FDA to expand its interpretation of the term “misleading.”

(a) Any DTC ads should be accompanied by the full FDA-approved label.

At a minimum, direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising should not existunless accompanied by the full FDA-approved label. The label is the minimum amount of information needed for pharmaceutical marketing communication to be not misleading. Any marketing communication that presents less than that is misleading, because it is dangerously incomplete.

The FDA should consider the entire label as material information to a consumer’s decision-making process. Any marketing communication that does not include the entire label should be deemed misleading because it involves a failure to disclose key information about a drug and its effects.

Regarding the omission of material information, the FDA should consider the Federal Trade Commission’s policy statement on deception. It states that “the practice of offering a product for sale creates an implied representation that it is fit for the purposes for which it is sold. Failure to disclose that the product is not fit constitutes a deceptive omission. Omissions may also be deceptive where the representations made are not literally misleading, if those representations create a reasonable expectation or belief among consumers which is misleading, absent the omitted disclosure.”

In essence, DTC prescription drug ads make an implied representation that a drug is fit for use by the consumers who view the ads. Such an implied representation is misleading if it is not accompanied by the full FDA-approved label.

(b) Remove the loophole for broadcast ads

DTC prescription drug print ads must include the brief summary, which generally contains the each of the risk concepts from the product’s approved labeling. And FDA regulations state that broadcast DTC ads may, instead of the brief summary, make “adequate provision…for dissemination of the approved or permitted package labeling in connection with the broadcast presentation.”

Regrettably, in its guidance for industry on consumer-directed broadcast advertisements, the FDA created a devastating loophole by interpreting “adequate provision” to mean that broadcast DTC ads may merely refer to print advertisements, websites or toll-free telephone numbers where consumers may gather this information.

There is no basis for this loophole, which establishes a stronger standard for DTC prescription drug advertising in print and a weaker one for broadcast media. It is not enough merely to tell people viewing a broadcast DTC ad to see the label elsewhere. In essence, this allows the broadcast ad itself to be misleading, with the hope that consumers will be able to seek out and read enough non-misleading information elsewhere. This is completely inadequate, and does not meet the requirement under the Act that DTC ads themselves must be non-misleading.

There is no public policy justification for lax standards for broadcast media, merely because the print standards are almost impossible for broadcast media to meet. In fact, this is a compelling reason to prohibit DTC ads on TV and radio, because these media are poorly suited to convey complicated information. At a minimum, there should be a uniform standard for all DTC advertising: the current print standard.

(c) Non-educational imagery in DTC prescription drug ads should be prohibited

The pharmaceutical industry depends on emotional imagery to promote the sale of its products. The overwhelming majority of DTC ads feature imagery which is primarily emotive not educational. In this respect, it closely resembles advertising for consumer goods such as soap and cereal. There is no legitimate purpose for such non-educational imagery in DTC ads. All imagery that does not directly and precisely convey facts about a drug’s action, indications, contraindications and side effects should be deemed misleading and should be prohibited.

(d) Governments, non-profits and news organizations that have no conflicts-of-interest are infinitely better qualified than drug companies to educate the public about drugs

Consumers need and deserve reliable sources of education about pharmaceuticals. Such education can only be provided by those who have no financial conflicts-of-interest regarding prescription drugs. The public may properly place its trust in entities that receive no money (other than taxes) from the pharmaceutical or advertising industries, and in persons within these entities who have no financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry.

7) Congressional failure to investigate DTC advertising

While the FDA deserves praise for re-considering the regulatory framework for DTC advertising, and for soliciting public comments about it, it is outrageous that the FDA is merely receiving testimony from the pharmaceutical and advertising industries about the worthy questions it asks in its notice of public hearing. Unfortunately, Congress has not granted the FDA administrative subpoena power. In order to obtain definitive answers to the FDA’s questions, Congress must either give the FDA administrative subpoena power, or must conduct a thorough investigation itself, which involves, at a minimum, issuing subpoenas for documents from pharmaceutical companies and their advertising agencies. In either case, the public deserves to read what these companies say to themselves in private about DTC advertising, and especially regarding whether their ads are misleading. It is an abject failure of the public trust that the Congress has not done so during the eight years since the FDA issued its draft guidance regarding consumer-directed broadcast advertisements. Congress has put its head in the sand for the last eight years. It is time for this to end.

Appendix A

Statement on Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs

Direct-to-consumer marketing of prescription drugs should be prohibited.

At a minimum, direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising should not exist unless accompanied by the full FDA-approved label. Nor should drug ads be allowed to display imagery that is primarily emotive and not educational. Drug ads on TV and radio should be prohibited because they cannot meet this standard for truthfulness.

Prominent endorsers include:

Amy P. Abernethy, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University
John Abramson MD, Clinical Instructor, Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School; author, Overdosed America
Maria T. Abreu, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Director, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center
Lisa V. Adams, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School
Qais Al-Awqati, MB, ChB, Robert F. Loeb Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
Elizabeth Alexander, MD, MS, Professor and University Physician, Department of Family Practice, Michigan State University
Murray D. Altose, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
Bradley D. Anawalt, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Barbara Anderson, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
Marcia Angell, MD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; former Editor-in-Chief, New England Journal of Medicine; author, The Truth About the Drug Companies
Cynthia Aranow, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
David C. Aron, MD, MS, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Joseph Avruch, MD, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Chief, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
Thomas Aversano, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Thomas C. Bailey, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Director, Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
Robert Baltimore, MD, Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Yale University
Barbara Barnett, MD, Assistant Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
Ellen Jo Baron, PhD, D(ABMM), Professor of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University Medical College
Henry C. Barry, MD, MS, Associate Professor and Associate Chair for Research, Department of Family Practice, Michigan State University Medical School
Thomas M. Bashore, MD, FACC, FSCAI, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University
Carl Baum, MD, FAAP, FACMT, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University
Tomas Berl, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, President, American Society of Nephrology
Robert Berger, MD, Professor of Medicine, Director of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
John E. Billi, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan
Stanley J. Birge, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
Mark Bogner, MD, FACEP, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Residency Program Director, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Scott R. Bolster, PharmD, Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas
Elizabeth A. Boyd, PhD, Assistant Adjunct Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
Edward Boyko, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Daniel Brauner, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago
Arthur E. Broadus, MD, PhD, Ensign Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
Philip Bromberg, MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Hospitals
Alain Broccard, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Minnesota Medical School
John M. Bruza, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Anne Burke MB, BCh, BAO, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Deborah Burnet, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago
Laurence Buxbaum, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Anne Cappola, MD, ScM, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Mary (Molly) Carnes MD, Jean Manchester Biddick Professor of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Director, Center for Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Shannon Carson, MD, Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Alan Cassels, drug policy researcher, University of Victoria; co-author, Selling Sickness
Steven Castle, MD, Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
Amitabh Chak, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Melvin D. Cheitlin, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Paul R. Chelminski, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology
Andy Chien, MD, PhD, Acting Assistant Professor, Division of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Calvin Chou, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Kari Christianson, Program Director, DES Action
Chuhan Chung, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, School of Medicine, Yale University
JP Clancy, MD, Director of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
James F. Cleary, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Sarah L. Clever, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
Brian Clyne, MD, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Brown University
Barry Cohen, MD, Assistant Professor of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
Russell D. Cohen, MD, FACG, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago
Andreas Cohrssen, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
Jeannine Conway, PharmD, Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota
Richelle Cooper, MD, MSHS, Assistant Professor, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene C. Corbett, Jr., MD, FACP, Bernard B. and Anne L. Brodie Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Nursing, Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics & Palliative Care, University of Virginia Health Science Center
Nereida Correa, MD, Associate Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Montefiore Medical Center
Farr A. Curtin, MD, Assistant Professor, Section of General Internal Medicine and the MacClean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago
Frank C. Day, MD, MPH, Assistant Clinical Professor, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Emergency Medicine Center
Richard A. Deyo, MD, MPH, Professor of Medicine and Health Services, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Patrick T. Dowling, MD, Professor and Chair, Department of Family Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Robert Dubrow, PhD, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, School of Public Health, Yale University
Leonard Duhl, MD, Professor Emeritus, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
Anne M. Eacker, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine; Medical Director, General Internal Medicine Center-Roosevelt, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Ralph P. Eccles, DO, Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Cascades East Family Practice
Matthew Ellis, MD, PhD, FRCP, Section Head, Medical Oncology and Director, Breast Cancer Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
Linda Emanuel, MD, PhD, Buehler Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Director, The Buehler Center on Aging, Principal, The Education on Palliative and End-of-life Care (EPEC) Project, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
James Evans, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Mitchell Faddis, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
Christopher Fee, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of?Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Lisa Fitzgerald, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Joshua T. Fleischman, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Barbara Fleming, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
David A. Fleming, M.D., FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine and Director, Center for Health Ethics, Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri
Kevin Flemmons, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Auguste H. Fortin VI, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
Lynda A. Frassetto, MD, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Linda French, MD, Associate Professor and Acting Chairperson, Department of Family Practice, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
Harvey Friedman, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Infectious Disease Division, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Sanjay Gandhi, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
Donald E. Ganem, MD, Professor of Microbiology/Immunology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Robert Garrett, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
Leonard S. Gettes, MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Stephen Goldfinger, MD, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital
Leo I. Gordon, MD, Abby and John Friend Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Medicine, Chief Division of Hematology/Oncology and Associate Director for Clinical Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
Mark A. Graber, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine and Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
Victor Grann, MD, MPH, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
Peter Green, MD, Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
Gabriel Gregoratos, MD, Professor Emeritus, Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
Cary Gross, MD, Associate Professor, School of Medicine, Yale University
David Gruenewald, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Nortin M. Hadler, MD, FACP, FACR, FACOEM, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Attending Rheumatologist, University of North Carolina Hospitals
Jeffrey Hagen, MD, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Chief, Thoracic/Foregut Surgery LAC & USC Medical Center
Michael Harper, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
Neil Hayes, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Milan Hazucha, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Adjunct Professor, School of Public Health, Professor of Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Paul Heineken, MD, Clinical Professor, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Michael Hershfield, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University
Karen Hicks, Principal Organizer, Dalkon Shield Information Network
Marcia Hobbs, PhD, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Joseph W. Hogan, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Brown University
Elizabeth Holt, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University
Colin W. Howden, MD, Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Michael H. Humphreys, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Brad Jacobs MD, MPH, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Peter Jensen, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; Chief, Infectious Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center
Chris-Ellyn Johanson, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
Maryl R. Johnson, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Catherine Bree Johnston, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; Program Director, UCSF Geriatric Fellowship
Mark Juckett, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Michael A. Jurgens, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
Paul Kaesberg, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Peter Kahrilas, MD, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Gastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Susan Kashaf, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
Joel Kaufman, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Brian R. Kaye, MD, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University
Craig Keenan, MD, Assistant Professor and Program Director; General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
Jon Keevil, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Michael W. Kelly, PharmD, MS, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy
Marvin Klikunas, MD, Professor, General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Michael Knowles, MD, Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
James E. Kurz, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Seth Landefeld, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Allen Lapey, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
Joyce Lashof, MD, Professor Emerita of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
James Leatherman, MD, Hennepin County Medical and Center, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota
Kirby Lee, PharmD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
M. Bruce Lindsay, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Marvin M. Lipman, MD, Professor of Clinical Medicine (emeritus), New York Medical College
Benjamin Littenberg, MD, Henry and Carleen Tufo Professor of Medicine, Director of General Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Matt LoConte, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Michael R. Lucey, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Charles MacLean, MD, Associate Professor, General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Michael Maharry, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Director, Family Practice Residency Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
Jane Mahoney, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School
William Mallon, MD, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Barry M. Massie, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Dana P. McGlothlin, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Thomas C. Merigan, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine—Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University
Murray Mittleman, DRPH, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Paul Mittman, ND, DHANP, President, American Association of Naturopathic Medical Colleges; President, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ
Bruce Montgomery, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Sam Moskowitz, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Peter Moyer, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University; Medical Director, Boston Emergency Medical Services, Boston Fire and Police
Mohan Nadkarni, MD, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System
Mary C. Nakamura, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Daniel I. Newman, MD, ND, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Davis, University of Nevada, Reno
Minh Thu Nguyen, PharmD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
Judy Norsigian, Executive Director of Our Bodies Ourselves; Co-founder, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective
Jeffrey W. Olin, DO, FACC, Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Director, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Pamela Ouyang, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
Edward Panacek, MD, MPH, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
David B. Pearse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
Mark Perazella, MD, FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
James C. Perry, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, Yale University
Michael Peterson, MD, FAAEM, Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Peter S. Rahko, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Director, Adult Echocardiography, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Mat Reeves, PhD, Assistant Professor, Epidemiology, Michigan State University
Arnold S. Relman, MD, Professor Emeritus, Departments of Medicine and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; former Editor-in-Chief, New England Journal of Medicine
Lori Reisner, PharmD, FCSHP, Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Services
Saulo C. M. Ribeiro, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School
Robert D. Rifkin, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
Simon Robson, PhD, MCCHB, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Deaconess Medical Center
Margaret Rosenfeld, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Michelle Rossi, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida
Bennett Roth, MD, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Clinical Affairs, Division of Digestive Diseases, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
David Rothstein, MD, Associate Professor, School of Medicine, Yale University
Gary Ruskin, Executive Director, Commercial Alert
George Sachs, MD, Professor of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Donald B. Sanders, MD, Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, Duke Tom Scaletta, MD, FAAEM, Chairperson, Emergency Medicine, Edward Hospital (Naperville, IL), Vice President, American Academy of Emergency Medicine
Kenneth J. Scalapino, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Tom Scaletta, MD, FAAEM, Chairperson, Emergency Medicine, Edward Hospital, Vice President, American Academy of Emergency Medicine
Joel Schectman, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia
Gordon Schiff, MD, Director, Clinical Quality Research and Improvement, Cook County Stroger Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College
Gary L. Schwartz, MD, Chair, Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
John Schwartzberg, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
Michael J. Scollins, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Robert Sege, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tufts University
Gino Segre, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Margaret Seton, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Julie Sharpless, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Gregory L. Sheehy, MD, Clincal Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Guy Shochat, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Robert H. Shmerling, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Samuel Shubrooks, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Norman J. Siegel, MD, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
Kenneth R Silk, MD, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
Philip Smith, MD, Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
Harold S. Solomon, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Harvard Medical School
Aron Sousa, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
Peter Sporn, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Tom Staiger, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Barbara Starfield, MD, University Distinguished Professor, The Johns Hopkins University
Jeffrey A. Stein, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
John Stein, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
James A. Stewart, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center
Walter Stoller, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Jason Stout, MD, MHS, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University
Gordon J. Strewler, MD, Master, Walter Bradford Cannon Society, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Eliza L. Sutton, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Erik R. Swenson, MD, Professor of Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Nathan M Thielman, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, Duke University
Leonore Tierfer, PhD, Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, New York University Medical School
Knox Todd, MD, MPH, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Director, Pain and Emergency Medicine Institute, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
Michael Touger, MD, Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine and Clinical Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
Francisco Trilla, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Arvydas Vanagunas, MD, FACP, FACG, Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
William Wadland, MD, MS, Professor and Chair, Department of Family Practice, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
Arnold Wagner, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine (retired), Evanston Northwestern Healthcare
Thomas Ward, MD, Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University
Ellen Weber, MD, Professor of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Amy Weil, MD, Assistant Professor, Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Sam Weir, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Eric S. White, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan
Joseph Willis MD, Associate Professor of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
Lisa Winston, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Hospital Epidemiologist, San Francisco General Hospital
Garen Wintemute, MD, MPH, Professor of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
Harriet de Wit, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago
Steffie Woolhandler, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Howard Wolpert, MD, Senior Physician, Joslin Diabetes Center, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Julia Wright, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin
Teresa L. Wright, MD, Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Chief, Gastroenterology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Ernie Yoder, MD, PhD, FACP, Chair, Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital & Medical Centers, American College of Physicians Governor for Michigan
Zdravka Zafirova, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago

Other endorsers:

Michael K. Abernethy, MD, FACEP
Michael Alexander, MD, United States Air Force
Lisa Allen, Clinical Psychologist, Buenaventura Medical Group, Ojai, CA
Mark Armstrong, MD, FACP, Texas
Jennifer Ashby, MD, Kansas City, MO
Sarah Aydt, MD, FACP
Jennifer M. Ayer, MD, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT
Ian Bare, MD, San Clemente, CA
David Baer, MD. FACP, Oakland, CA
Amit Batra, MD, Kaiser Permanente, Union City, CA
Charles Brenner, MD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Buenaventura Medical Group
Sarah Buttrey, MD, Austin, TX
Lei Chen, MD, Yale University School of Medicine
Kimball Chen, MD, Loma Linda, CA
Anie Cherry, MD
Teresa Chiao, PharmD, Drug Information Pharmacist, San Francisco VA Medical Center
Sherrill A. Conna, MD
Joseph Daprano, MD, Cleveland, OH
William J. Davis, MD, Former President, Buenaventura Medical Group
Matthew Deutsch, MD, Dept. of Emergency Medicine, St. Mary Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
David Dunkin, New Haven, CT
Jeff Dyer, Camarillo, CA
Peter Emblad MD, FACEP, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA
Kevin Flemmons, MD, Pinehurst, NC
William Flynn, MD, Napa, CA
William M. Fogarty, Jr., MD, FACP
Tricia Fynewever. MD, Resident Physician, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA
Keri Gardner, MD, MPH, Emergency Physician, UCLA School of Public Health
Alison Gorman, MD, Venice, CA
Ann Gotham, ANP, MSN, ScM, Burlington, VT
Robert Gluckman, MD, Portland, OR
Jason Gramling, MD, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT
Carol Green, NP, Fletcher Allen Health Care, South Burlington, VT
Malkeet Gupta, MD, MS, Chief Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Amina Haji, MD, Austin, TX
Dana Hargunani, MD, Portland, OR
Heather Hartley, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, Portland State University
Harvey Harris, MD, FAAP, Ventura, CA
Suzanne Jensen, MD, Menlo Park, CA
Albert Kam, Ventura, CA
Dhruv Kazi, MD, Chief Medical Resident, Baylor College of Medicine
Steve Keithahn, MD, FACP, FAAP
Peter Knott, Nurse Practitioner, University of San Francisco Medical Center
Josh Knowles, MD, Stanford University
Erin Krebs, MD, University of North Carolina
Don V. Lewis, MD, Bassett Health Care, Cooperstown, NY
Gary Lieb, MD, Buenaventura Medical Group, CA
Dana Lupyciw, Calgary, AB
Manuel Marquez, MD, Medical Executive Officer, Buenaventura Medical Group
Ursula McVeigh, MD, Instructor of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
John A. Mills, MD, Senior Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Jane Minturn, MD, PhD, Attending Physician, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania
Alma A. Mueller, MS, APRN, BC, FNP, Central Vermont Hospital
Steven Murphy, MD, Inglewood, CA
Todd Murray MD, Orinda, CA
Carver Nebbe, MD, University of Iowa hospitals and clinics
David Park, Seattle, WA
Robert Pfister, MD, Fellow, Neonatology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Jenny E. Pompilio, MD
Dan Reuland, MD, Internist, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina
Robert M. Rufsvold, MD, Associate Director, The Institute for the Study of Illness and Health at Commonweal
John Santa, MD, MPH, Portland, OR
James W. Sawyer, MD, Longview, TX
Noelle K. Schmidt, MD, Fellow, Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospital
Roy Schneider, Ventura, CA
Gary L. Schwartz, MD, Chair, Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Noelle K. Schmidt, MD, Fellow, Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospital
David Silk, Healthcare Policy Consultant, Washington, DC
Bruce Slater, MD, MPH, FACP, Medical Director, Computerized Decision Support at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics
Bernard A. Smyle, MD, Buenaventura Medical Group, Ventura, CA
Roger Sohn, MD, Pasadena, CA
John Stern, MD, Pennsylvania Hospital
Ted Sussman, MD, FACP, Houlton, ME
Jon Sweet, MD, FACP, Roanoke, VA
Jennifer Taylor, Fellow, Adult and Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center
Mary Thomason, MD, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics
Melissa Tom, MD, Berkeley Emergency Medical Group
Tuyen V. Tran, MD, Kelsey-Seybold Clinic
Elisa Vandervort, NP, Green Mountain Family Practice, Northfield, VT
Karen E. Victor, MD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Mohan Viswanathan, MD, Cardiology Fellow, University of California, San Francisco
Deborah Wachtel, NP, MPH, Burlington, VT
Kathleen Weaver, MD, MACP, Salem, OR
Leslie Walker, Madison, WI
Lora Wiggins, MD, Chief Medical Officer, Elder Care of Wisconsin
Chris White, MD, Family Practitioner, Ventura, ARComments
Add your own Comment

Name:

Email:

URL:

(optional)

Remember me?

Comment:

Health

Contribute

Donate Now

Every dollar you give helps us stop the commercial assault that is corrupting our culture, health, education and government.

Testimony at FDA Hearing on DTC Drug Marketing

Add your own Comment

Contribute

Donate Now